Narrative Analysis Of Narrative - 990 Words

Narrative Analysis Throughout the conversation the client stated her main concern was that she was acting â€Å"irrational† at home and therefore is concerned about going back home, although she did not verbalize it, this was expressed through her non-verbal communication. This area is the most concerning for me as well because she appears to have a negative social group that she has tried to distance herself from but could still be a threat to her mental health, I am not sure that she is ready to give up the negative influences in her life because she hinted at being lonely and having terminated friendships. Usually the patient’s verbal and non –verbal communication were consistent with one another except when she stated that she felt good about being able to go home in a day, however non-verbally she softened her gaze and tone which indicated some uncertainty. Symptoms and Themes Relating to Diagnosis The symptoms and themes expressed by the client supports her diagnosis of bipolar disorder as this client suffer symptoms such as experiencing hyersexuality in addition to having long braided hair and extravagant nails which could be tied to grandiosity. Additionally, due to her acute depressive episode, she experienced isolation, loneliness, and resulted to drinking and drugs. Based on Erickson’s stages of development, the patient is in the Intimacy vs. Isolation phase, which is why a recurring theme throughout the conversation was the client’s social connections. She speaksShow MoreRelatedNarrative Analysis : The Narrative Of The World2336 Words   |  10 PagesNarrative Theory As a general term, narration is to tell a story with the description and the shaping of an event (Nash, 1990). Accordingly, narratology is considered to be the study of the function and of the form of narrative, going back in the Western tradition of Aristotle and Plato (Prince, 1982). An exceptional rise of narrative analysis has been noted in the last four or five decades, which attracted various analysts, linguists and philosophers to get involved with the field of narratologyRead MoreNarrative Analysis : Narrative Therapy757 Words   |  4 PagesNarrative therapy is one of the post-modern therapies used today. Narrative therapy helps individuals identify their values, skills, and knowledge they have to effectively face problems in their lives. The key ideas of narrative therapy are: people’s stories give meaning to their lives, stories are shaped by emotional themes, a person’s story shapes his/her personality, people seek counseling when their stories do not match their lived experiences, and people who have less social power benefit greatlyRead MoreNarrative Analysis : Narrative Therapy1838 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction Narrative therapy was created as a way of removing the blame in sessions. An opportunity to hopefully empower the client. Narrative Therapy is more of a collaboration between the therapist and the client to allow recognition of the natural competencies, expertise and unique skills that one possesses, which can in return help guide them towards a more productive and hopeful change within their lives. Humans are viewed as separate from their problems, and in this way, a therapist canRead MoreNarrative Analysis : Narrative Therapy2375 Words   |  10 PagesThe premise of narrative therapy was developed as a way of removing the blame in sessions. This could allow the opportunity in hopes of gaining empowerment within the client. Narrative therapy is thought of as more of a collaboration between the therapist and the client to allow recognition of his or her natural competencies, expertise and unique skills that one possesses. By practicing the narrative therapy process it is conceiv ed that the client can then return with a sort of plan or outlineRead MoreNarrative Analysis : Narrative Family Therapy 1570 Words   |  7 PagesNarrative Family Therapy in Practice Introduction When narrative therapy first came into my life, I was not able to realize its brilliance. I had the misconception that the modality found where problems stemmed from and then showed clients how to cope with problems when they reoccur. Then I saw narrative therapy in action during a session with clients of my colleagues. The idea of problems being outsiders intruding on the system was fascinating and co-authoring a new narrative with a client soundedRead MoreNarrative Analysis In Coco1618 Words   |  7 Pagesfamilial bonds and remembering those from our past. In this paper I will analyze the film using narrative analysis, which suggests that most texts have a narrative structure, in order to explain the dominant reading, or widely accepted understanding, of the movie. I will achieve this through discussing binary oppositions, the disruption of equilibrium, Propp’s character roles, and closed progress. Narrative Structure Coco opens with the protagonist narrating his family history in a series of flashbackRead MoreA Personal Narrative With Analysis1647 Words   |  7 PagesSovereignty Essay: A Personal Narrative With Analysis It’s early morning. The bright sun permeating over top the sumptuous rolling hills that line the horizon. The sky is brilliantly colors of pink mixed with orange, kissing hues of bluish purples; stars twinkle as they fade into the backdrop of daybreak. The air is invigorating, she feels the brisk, cool sweetness with each breath taken in. The streets are desolate, empty, calm. The only sounds heard are the quiet chips and melodies of songbirdsRead MoreNarrative Analysis Of Frederick Douglass s Narrative1214 Words   |  5 Pageswas a field hand, and a whipping is the penalty†¦Ã¢â‚¬ : Black women’s struggles in search of happiness shown in Narrative by Frederick Douglass Being taken away from your home and family can be one of the hardest things anyone can go through. Having their identities completely taken away and begin to endure a long hard journey of survival were things blacks had to go through in the 1800’s. Narrative by Frederick Douglass is an 1845 memoir that perfectly shows the struggles of a young black man’s journeyRead MoreNarrative Analysis : An Order 762 Words   |  4 Pagesthe story I try to hide from the world because it exposes just how the dark side of strength really is. Being scared of hurting the ones you love, and the culprit is the very thing that protects them is an intense internal conflict. The process analysis was an issue at the beginning to find a topic or just keeping on track with it. Organization is still an issue for me when I am writing a paper, more so if I have to make sure that it is understandable without a physical demonstration or examplesRead MoreNarrative Analysis Of The Sniper1327 Words   |  6 PagesDrama, suspense, war, and death. In the anti-war short story â€Å"The Sniper† written by Liam O Flaherty, a Republican sniper embraces his rifle and conceals on the roof top without a sound, waiting to kill his enemies. The sniper accidentally gives away his location when he lights up a cigarette and exposes himself to the enemy sniper on the opposite roof. The two snipers from two conflicting sides then faces each other off through an innovative war; using both their shooting skills and intelligence

Othello As The Hero And Villain - 2002 Words

â€Å"Othello has a propensity to jealousy and possesses a weak character† FR Leavis, 1952 To what extent do you agree with this view? Remember to include in your answer relevant comment about Shakespeare’s dramatic methods. There are two opposing views of Othello as the hero and villain that have dominated criticisms of Othello. One school of thought suggests that Othello is a noble hero who is brought down by a devil, whose actions cannot be explained absolutely. Others may view Othello as a naive fool who is less than (a moor) the erudite Venetians, which audiences in Shakespearean period may agree with. Opponents of this view, see Iago as cunning, describing the villain as a worldly realist who exploits Othello’s hamartia of jealousy for†¦show more content†¦Othello’s nobility can be seen in act 1, but he regresses as the play goes on. After Othello testifies his love for Desdemona, the duke says: â€Å"I think this tale would win my daughter too†. This shows that if he had a daughter, he would consent to Othello marrying her too. This proves how noble Othello, he can make himself accepted by those of high ranking. Furthermore, even Iago who hates Othello, has a vendetta against him and seeks to destroy him, calls him noble. This can be seen in act 2 where Iago says; â€Å"the moor howbeit that I endure him not, is of a constant, loving, noble nature, and I dare think he’ll prove to Desdemona a most dear husband†. The use of the positive language depicts Othello’s noble character impeccably which verifies that Othello is a nobleman who is too virtuous, seen by most to have a propensity to jealousy. However, in act 3 Othello begins to lose his nobility to jealousy. Desdemona says; â€Å"but my noble moor is true of mind and made of no such baseness as jealous creatures are, it were enough to put him to ill thinking.† The use of the word ‘moor’ could be depicted a sign of lack of respect from Desdemona to Othello, as it was a racist slur in this time period. The quote also says, ‘jealous creatures’ which links with Iago’s quote ‘the green-eyed monster’. This could further prove that Othello is viewed as a creature/monster to the two, due to his race, as the use of imagery to describe jealousy, personifies it. A Shakespearian audience couldShow MoreRelatedConventions of a Shakespeare Tragedy1189 Words   |  5 PagesShakespeare tragedy follows the same conventions. Some of the conventions are tragic hero with a tragic flaw, anti-hero, tragic fall, fate, and supernatural. A convention is something in Shakespeare that has a certa in effect. The tragic hero always has a tragic flaw. A tragic hero cannot be a hero unless he has a tragic flaw. The tragic flaw brings the downfall of the hero. Othello is the tragic hero, because Othello is a character of nobility. He is good at the beginning but at the end he starts toRead More Essay on Villains in Much Ado About Nothing and Othello688 Words   |  3 Pages Comparing the Villains in Much Ado About Nothing and Othello nbsp; The two villains in Much Ado About Nothing and Othello share much in common, despite their numerous differences. It is evident that Shakespeare framed the second piece of literature to be similar to the first. Although shorter, the plot ofnbsp; â€Å"Othello† is definitely more complex. The villains play a major part in the novels, and are very much alike in their line of thinking. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Read MoreThe Tragic Tragedy Of William Shakespeare s Othello1523 Words   |  7 Pages epic play, Othello. The famous Shakespeare play is about the downfall of a Moorish general who expresses jealousy and murder. Othello was an amazing general for the Venice army, but his downfall cost him everything he loved so dearly. He killed his own wife because he believes Iago’s lies about her cheating on him. His beliefs in Iago cost him everything that is precious to him. Othello can be seen as a great tragedy, and the play filled Aristotle’s definition of tragedy. The hero in the storyRead MoreThe Mystical Weapon Of A Hero1102 Words   |  5 Pagesthe mystical weapon of a hero is much more important than that. It serves to continue the plot of the story by jumpstarting many parts along the hero’s journey, many times it is the cause of the hero’s unusual birth. The mystical weapon is what enables a hero to overcome the insurmountable odds and accomplish their trials. A mystical weapon, is not just a tool that the hero harnesses, but their very identity. The mystical weapon is the very thing that makes the hero a hero. The mystical weapon isRead More Iago in William Shakespeares Othello Essay1229 Words   |  5 PagesIago in William Shakespeares Othello William Shakespeare, born: 1564 died: 1616, is considered one of the greatest writers who has ever lived. He had a unique way of putting things into words. All of his plays, sonnets, and poems have gotten great recognition. But when Shakespeare wrote Othello he created one of the most controversial villains of all times; Iago. He is best described as disturbing, ruthless, and amoral. No other character can even come close to his evil (Iago: The 1). IagoRead MoreOthello: Othello a Tragic Hero1478 Words   |  6 PagesOthello: Othello A Tragic Hero If one reads Shakespeares Othello, they can come to the conclusion that it might be one of the his most tragic plays ever written by Shakespeare. Romeo and Juliet, is probably the most famous of his tragic plays, but Othello, has characteristics that, I think make it even more tragic then his other plays, and therefore for that reason, you can say that Othello is the most tragic hero. Othello is a noble man, one who has grace with the ladies but also possessesRead MoreEssay on Iago; The Representation of Villainy in Othello808 Words   |  4 Pages A villain is defined as an evil character in a novel, movie, play, or other story, especially one who is the main enemy of the hero according to Encarta Dictionary. In Othello, Iago fits this definition perfectly though Othello does not recognize that Iago is his enemy until the end of the story. Iago is the evil-minded, backstabbing character in this dramatic story. He demonstrates this villainy act all through out the story beginning with being angry with Othello for not appointing him asRead MoreOthello is Not a Tragic Hero Essay1481 Words   |  6 PagesOthello has been described as one of William Shakespeare’s most popular plays because the play focuses on its themes of good and evil, military, politics, love and marriage, religion, racial prejudice, gender conflict, and sexuality; but the controversy and debate surrounding Othello is â€Å"Why is Othello a qualifica tion for a tragedy?† Most readers are aware of the many famous deaths or acts of death within the Shakespearean plays. And when the main characters die in Shakespeare’s plays, indeedRead MoreThe Tragic Hero Of Shakespeare s Othello1613 Words   |  7 Pagesfocus on a tragic hero who possesses a flaw which ultimately leads to their downfall. In fact, Aristotle prescribes the three most important points to any tragedy to be hamartia, a tragic flaw in the tragic hero’s character that brings about his downfall, catharsis, a purgation of the audience’s emotions and anagnorisis, the character’s revelation of some fact not previously realized. In William Shakespeare’s play, Othello, Othello is an excellent example of an Aristotelian tragic hero. He was a characterRead MoreEssay Iago as the Hero of Shakespeares Othello1290 Words   |  6 PagesIago as the Hero of Othello      Ã‚  Ã‚   A Shakespearean play always includes a typical villain character. He is boisterous, egotistical, sometimes witty, and all too eager to seek revenge. In William Shakespeare Othello, Iago is the well-liked, trusted, and brave ensign of the great Venetian general Othello, or so it appears. Iago actually possesses all of the typical villainous qualities, however Iago conducts himself with great composure, and by manipulating his counterparts, he makes people believe

Comparative Politics Uk and Us Free Essays

At base, a congress and a parliament seem to be very similar things the legislative branches of the majority of the world’s democracies which are filled with popularly elected men and women who come together to decide the legislative issues of their home nation. However, despite the initial impression of sameness, the two are very different in two key areas: how one is elected to the body and what one does once elected. The difference can begin to be seen in the origins of the words. We will write a custom essay sample on Comparative Politics: Uk and Us or any similar topic only for you Order Now Congress is based on an ancient Latin word meaning â€Å"a coming together,† which is precisely what happens in a congress representatives from all the parts of a nation coming together to discuss matters of state. Parliament, however, has its roots in a French word meaning â€Å"To talk,† and there certainly is a great deal of talking going on in any parliament. In fact, this simple linguistic difference leads one to the chief difference in the election process. A congress is based upon primary elections in which the general populace selects their candidates more based upon their personalities and individual plans for office, while in a parliament, the delegates are chosen to run by their own political parties based almost entirely on their willingness to follow party standards. While party certainly comes into play in any congress, the individual really does mean more in elections to that body. And it is that sense of individuality that leads to the second main difference between the two. In a parliamentary government, the Prime Minister and his cabinet (The leaders of the nation) are chosen from the majority party in the country’s parliament. Thus, if the members of that party begin voting against their party’s ideals in the body, the entire government can come apart, forcing an election of a new Prime Minister. With this in place, many parties very carefully restrict the freedoms of their delegates to ensure the safety of their Prime Ministers. In a congress, however, the executive branch is entirely separate from the legislative, allowing the members to vote freely based on the wishes of their constituents and own consciences, with no fear of doing permanent harm to government itself. Their increased individual power leads to many interesting phenomena, not the least of which being that they receive a much larger salary than parliamentary delegates individual congressmen are simply more important. And thus do the two differ from one another in many ways, making each a great deal more than a simple collection of delegates arguing about issues of state. How to cite Comparative Politics: Uk and Us, Papers

Internal And External Analysis Is Conductedâ€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Internal And External Analysis Is Conducted? Answer: Introduction An organization needs to have a thorough knowledge about the company itself along with the overall market analysis. The presented reports conduct a comprehensive analysis of the Casio Company. The purpose of the report is to give an overall evaluation of the company. Both internal and external analysis is conducted. The report would be helpful to get a clear idea and knowledge about the Casio Company. A company background has been provided. This is followed by micro and macro (PESTLE) analysis of the company. SWOT analysis is providing to portray and asses the internal condition of the company. Discussion is made about its marketing strategy, followed by a suitable marketing business mix of the company. Company overview Casio, in recent years has gained worldwide popularity. It has established itself as one of the large multinational companies. The Japanese giant is headquartered in the region of Shubuya, Tokyo. The company began its journey as a developer of calculator; gradually the company launched other electronic products, musical instruments, mobiles, cameras, office computers, electronic stationeries, watches and such. The company has attracted major portion of the consumer market with its watches. The digital watches which it offers to the audience have created much interest among the audience, enabling Casio to become a brand name in the process. In Asian markets, Casio is recognized as a popular brand. The company produces electronic products which guarantee superior quality; due to this the company has earned consumer trust and loyalty. The company is the first to make a fully compact electrical calculator. It is also responsible for launching the first inkjet printer, along with the concept of personal computer. The company enjoys the position of developing the first watch which posses the shock resistant characteristic. The company values customer trust and loyalty, makes sure the products give the value for money. Micro analysis Micro factors refer to the environmental factors which directly affect and impact the organization. It indicates the factors which are intimately connected with the company. The company does not have full control over these factors although it does influence to certain extent. The point can be explained with the help of examples. Customers, competitors, company, publics, suppliers, marketing intermediaries, are some of the micro environmental factors (Nakagawa TAKAO, 2016). Customers- A customer (also known as a consumer, buyer, and client) is someone who buys or purchases a particular product/service/idea from a company, supplier, vendor, and seller. Casio possess large customer base. The quality and features of Casio products have enabled the company to attract consumer interest and generate positive consumer attitude. It is true that the company targets the middle income population, with special reference to youth. However, the steady and demand for the companys products have increased the customer base (Viramdani Himmawati, 2017). Considering the present picture, the huge popularity of Casio watches among customers have encouraged the company to concentrate much on the section of watches. The company, observing the demand, gives importance to provide quality watches which excels in terms of advanced functioning, design and usage. Casio experience the maximum amount of sales and profit from its segment of watches. This is followed by the other segme nts. The other products such as calculator, projectors, and company computers systems are also popular. Electronic products are built depending on consumer requirement and demand however Casio watches have acquired popularity in the global market. Social, personal, cultural and psychological are some of the factors which impact and influence customers. For example, the company has been able to establish a personal bond with the consumers. Consumers and clients of under-developing developing countries trust the company products. The company understands individual preferences and demands and strives to manufacture its products accordingly (Nemchinova, Timofeev Salov, 2017). It has become a symbol of social status to wear high functioning watches in many countries; Casio has been able to upgrade its products as per the social trend. The company is Competitors- Several companies have proven to be tough competitors for Casio Company. The company faces business challenge from fellow companies that provide and manufacture similar electronic products/items. Swatch, Seiko, Citizen, Sony, and Panasonic are some of the examples. Casio faces intense competition from the different companies who also strives to attract consumer attention by providing quality electric products (Anzolini et al. 2016). Panasonic and Sony have been able to get popularity with the mobile phones. Both of these companies provide mobiles that promise functions and design, excellent features within a reasonable range. Therefore, it can be understood that Casio needs to produce better innovative products in order to retain customer attention and interest. The company has been successful in keeping its loyal customers. Other companies have prompted Casio to bring innovative and creative products for customers. The chief significance of the competitors, they provide a competition platform for the company. The company of Swatch, a Swiss company of watches, like Casio, targets the mid-income population. Hence it can be said if the company does not perform well then it possess the chance of losing its market value to the other company. Company- This refers to the different organizational factors, Casio, for instance posses the necessary resources to conduct its business in an effective manner. Casio has the human resource, responsible for executing the different functions and operations of the operations. Sufficient amount of power is given to the union, this is necessary to have a properly organized labor group. The company takes the effort to strengthen its RD unit (Coletti et al. 2016). The company needs to try to increase its market share price. The department of the system equipments needs considerable attention. Macro analysis Political The company takes into account the political factor of the Japanese government. In Japan, the two sectors, government and business have developed a healthy alliance. The government keeps track of the economic aspect of the business while the companies take guidance from the government in times of requirement. Casio takes into account this factor. The company has good relation with the government (Keleshteri Ashkiki, 2016). The business growth and development and the companys effort to improve the countrys economic condition have succeeded in gaining the goodwill of the government. The Japanese government willingly cooperates with the company in times of need. The government laws and regulations regarding trading and business have opened the global market for the company. Economic The condition of Japan economy has improved to a considerable extent. The overall economy standard of the country has improved due to the development and advanced of the industrial sector which the company showed, leading to positive growth rate. Cash flow, inflow and outflow of the country are stabilized. The labor cost is comparatively low and reasonable, compared with the company benefit (Sara Piyumi, 2016). This has enabled the company to hire more employees leading to the increase of company productivity. The employment rate of the country is considerably low. This condition of the country has enabled the company to experience steady sales and profit of the company. Socio-cultural The company has experienced positive impact from the socio-cultural factor which includes demography, cultural norms, education, income and such. The company has acquired much popularity in its local country. One of the chief reasons behind the success, the company takes to into account the different demographic factors. For instance, assessing the taste and preference of the young generation and the mid-income population, the company launches its products accordingly (TAKEOKA et al. 2014). High technology electronic products/items have become very much popular. Technology has become an integral part of life in Japan; this has led the company to manufacture advanced electronic gadgets and products. Technological The technological standard if the company has increased to a considerable extent in the country with the passage of time. The country is advanced in terms of possessing high functioning, modern technology. This has enabled the company to get the required technological resource with the help of which the company manufactures and produces some of the best electronic products (Nemchinova, Timofeev Salov, 2017). Special mention should be provided to the section of digital watches. The company possesses a strong RD unit. The communication system is well-organized with proper technological aids. Legal The company conforms to the government laws and regulations, the central as well as the regional action. It takes the necessary effort to ensure proper law enforcement. For example, the company encourages diversity, ethnicity and equality. The company considers and acknowledges the court rules and norms. Eco-environmental Casio attempts to reduce environmental harm as much as feasible. The company has put much effort to improve and develop its resource management. This is necessary so that wastage of resources can be avoided. Care is taken to maintain energy consumption level (McNamer Markas, 2015). The electronic products manufactured by the company promises low energy usage. Steps have been taken to consider and maintain the health and safety of the workforce. SWOT analysis Strengths The company has gained popularity for its advanced high functioning products The company possess an impressive brand image (Nemchinova, Timofeev Salov, 2017) Good value in terms of money Sub-brands like Pathfinder, baby, G-shock are aimed for different customers groups The company produces innovative products such as LCD watch along with auto-calendar Casio has good advertising section Weaknesses Compared to Swatch, Casios scale of operation is smaller Some of the series possess advanced functioning designs, too heavy and not much user-friendly, such as DataBank, ProTrek Opportunities The company can involve itself in sponsoring events and fashion houses Can make innovative styles and designs to attract youth consumers The company can enter different international markets Good advertising and publicity can boost Casio brand image and market share Threats The company is experiencing threat due to fake Casio products Several small companies are producing counterfeit Casio digital watches Sport look watches have become very much common as many companies are manufacturing this type of watches, this might reduce market demand of the watches, a possible threat Changes in government policies and fluctuation in market prices can reduce company market share Marketing strategy Marketing strategy refers to the plans and strategies which are formed to in order to sell and promote a service or product. It is important for every organization to have proper marketing strategy to experience maximum profit and growth. Concerning the factor, the company needs to understand and assess the four major factors, segmentation, targeting, differentiation and positioning. Horizontal integration strategy has been adopted for registering a growth for the sales figure and business development of Casio in the chosen market condition. The primary benefit of the marketing strategy is to lead the organization towards a big and integrated market. The strategic implementation of the marketing policy is to develop an effective business environment for Casio which helps to build a strong business reputation in the market. An intra and inter business communication could be developed through the implementation of horizontal integration strategy. Segmentation- The Company needs to conduct segmentation based on demographic, psychographic, geographical and behavioral factors. Japans lifestyle is comparatively modern, in terms of economy and education. People irrespective of gender prefer to possess advanced technology. The country has a standard economy; this has influenced and changed the psychological aspect of the population. Major section of the population wants to have a better lifestyle. The urban population, for instance, demands comfort. Demand for technology and fashion has risen to a considerable extent. This demand has significantly increased in the mid-income population. With the improvement in the economic condition, this population wants to possess the aid of technology which would also represent fashion, considering the factor of affordability (Kanagal, 2014). The population, particular the young generations behavior have changed. People have become more fashion conscious. Education has enabled the society to und erstand the importance of technology. Geographical aspect is important. For example, the urban population is more aware and familiar of the company and the products which it offers, compared with the rural population. The population density impacts the companys business. Targeting- Targeting refers to the section of consumers for whom the company aims to provide its service. The main objectives of targeting in STP model are to define the ability of the concerned company and look over the resources which are needed by a company to enter into the global business mart. By this approach, the company and its management can also evaluate themselves and their marketing capabilities with respect to their potential business competitors. Now, in order to look over the targeting approach of Casio, it can be interpreted that the Casios target group is the youth section of the upper middle class who are fashion conscious and engrossed in technology. The company always tries to look over the metropolitan cities throughout the world. On the other hand, it can said that, the company uses differentiated targeting strategic approaches so that the management can utilize those strategies for retaining and for acquiring the high-valued customers of the different segments towards the wide range of products and services being offered by them. Differentiation- differentiation refers to the added features of a product or service which can offer the customer benefits to the company compared to the other similar company in competitive business arena. Added features may make the products and services more acceptable and lucrative among the customer throughout the market. Casio is a leading brand name in electronics market. Being a popular company, the organizational management always tries to look over the production process and market demand so that they can manufacture technologically advanced products which can meet the customer desire and market demand easily. Use of updated and most scientific technology in products may provide differentiation benefits to the company in competitive business world. Positioning- a proper and effective positioning can guide a company towards successful business goals as it can shed light over the brands essence. Moreover, positioning also emphasizes over the facts by which an organization can achieve the customers appreciation successfully by providing services and products in accordance to their expectation. Casio always tries to provide maximum importance on the market demand and the expectation of the targeted customer. In order to fulfill the objectives, the organization always use most scientific methods for manufacturing process by which they can offer technologically advanced products to the customer. By proper positioning, the company may also achieve the competitive edge of business arena and huge economical benefits from global capital market. For proper positioning, the Casio tries to look over their potential customers throughout the world so that the company can offer best products and services to them in accordance to their desire a nd demands. By this process the company not only retain the customer loyalty but it also can capture the competitive perimeter of the business world which ultimately offers them brand reputation and global recognition. Marketing mix Marketing mix is a term which is used to refer a group of key factors that influence and impact a company/organizations comprehensive success and failure. The marketing mix is an effective tool which helps the organization for the understanding of the suitability of the product in the chosen market. 4p is a significant tool which could be applied for the determination of the marketing mix for Casio which would be helpful for understanding the market as well as the suitability in the chosen market. Marketing mix can be two types. The 4ps is made up of four crucial factors, place, product, price and promotion. The seven 7ps adds three other factors, people, physical environment and process. Product: This factor refers to the product/item which the company intends to market and sell. The company needs to make sure that the product possesses the capacity and features to generate customer attention and interest. The companys range of G-series, watch aims to attract the urban population; especially the mid-income population has attracted consumers due to the fact that the watches excel in facility, design and durability, provided the new items of G-series promises to be reasonable and affordable (Lajeunesse, 2013). Place: Distribution or placement is an important factor. This highlights the necessity of possessing a place where consumers can have easy access to the products. Casio has several branches in different regions of Japan, along with Tokyo; ensuring consumers can easily buy company products. Price: products which are being manufactured by the Casio are technologically highly developed and scientifically very advanced. Moreover, the price of the products being offered by the Casio is much more reasonable and affordable compared to the other similar company or brand. Apart from this, Casio always tries to maintain value-added policy of pricing for products and services. The company tries to maintain medium-priced pricing strategy so that the customer can afford their products and services easily which in turn helps them in customer retention. As the company tries to target the middle- income groups of a community and especially the students, so the organizational management has the tendency to maintain such pricing strategy which must be less in comparison with other similar brands or products. the company also offers various lucrative discount offers and the periodic schemes on their products and services for increasing their annual earnings as well as for acquiring and/o r retaining customer over long period of time. Promotion: Casio always tries to focus on international marketing. In order to fulfill those objectives, organizational management tries to adopt different steps and among those, promotional strategy is considered as one of the most important strategies. The company invests millions for commercialization or promotional purposes to create and to maintain brand awareness globally. The organizational management emphasizes over creating new and innovative design to attract the huge populace especially the youth generation of the society. The company utilizes print media like billboards, newspaper and magazine and television for broadcasting the characteristics features of the brands to the customer. The company also looks over the online media or tries to provide importance on the social networking site for promotional purpose. So, by considering the success story of Casio, it can be interpreted that proper marketing mix strategy is always act as a propeller for any business organization that can drives the company towards ultimate business success worldwide. Channel of Distribution: the channel for distribution could be defined as the chosen suitable path which has been adopted by the organization for the best possible way of distributing the product to the consumer. There could be various nodes and interconnections for the understanding of the distribution process whereas direct distribution also could be done between the manufacturers and consumers. 4P would be determining the four channels of distribution for Tesco which has been mentioned in the above discussion. Among the 4Ps, the product would be suitable distribution channel for Casio. Wholesalers, retailers, agents are the part of the distribution channel based on the product. Therefore, this distribution channel would be helpful for establishing a significant market presence in the highly competitive market. Figure 1: product distribution Casio has been using both direct and indirect distribution process for the strategic market and distribution of the product. The primary advantage of direct distribution is the involvement of the sales team directly to the market and this sells team can access the direct market effectively. Casio have established significant direct distribution process throughout the market. Secondly, the market of the distributors could also be accessed through the indirect distribution of the products. The distributors are the basic customers and Casio can arrange suitable training programs for understanding the core value of the organization. Casio can adopt intensive distribution strategy for maximizing the selling of the product through as many as outlets placed in various geographic points. Therefore, consumers can access the product from almost every part of the operating market which increases the market exposure and revenue as well. Figure 2: Distribution strategy Recommendation The company holds a recognized and position in its domestic market, Japan. People have the trust and reliability on the company, yet certain recommendations can be used by the company to yield better results. The company needs to focus on the other divisions so that it can be successful in gaining consumer loyalty Effort can be made to manufacture innovative consumer products apart from the watch segment to enhance sales It can focus one broadening its target group The company has the potential to attract more foreign markets with its high-end watches and other electronic items (Hintze, 2015). Advanced, high functioning items are always in demand, however effort can be made to make the features simple and user-friendly Negotiations with other companies can be made to manufacture creative and innovative products Conclusion In conclusion it can be said that Casio Company holds a good market position and has popularity, in domestic and global market. The company is acknowledged as one of the popular brand which has gained significant popularity due to its line of watches. It has been observed that the company possesses certain shortcomings and threats from its competitors like Swatch. However, the company has been successful in keeping its market position by applying suitable market strategy. For instance, the company targets the mid-income population, especially the urban young generation who are fashion conscious and tech savvy. Easy accessibility is also an essential factor. However, the company can further improve its market scope if it gives concentration to popularize the other electronic products, apart from the watch segment. Reference List Anzolini, C., Angel, R. J., Merlini, M., Derzsi, M., Tokr, K., Milani, S., ... Harris, J. W. (2016). Depth of formation of CaSiO 3-walstromite included in super-deep diamonds.Lithos,265, 138-147. Coletti, C., Maritan, L., Cultrone, G., Mazzoli, C. (2016). Use of industrial ceramic sludge in brick production: Effect on aesthetic quality and physical properties.Construction and Building Materials,124, 219-227. Hintze, S. (2015). Dealing with Value Chains. InValue Chain Marketing (pp. 13-32). Springer International Publishing. Kanagal, N. B. (2014). Conceptualizing objective setting and metrics in marketing strategy.Journal of Management and financial Marketing Research,16, 1. Keleshteri, F. P., Ashkiki, M. F. (2016). The Impact of the Capabilities of Insurance Companies of Gilan Province on their Organizational Performance.International Journal of Humanities and Cultural Studies (IJHCS)? ISSN 2356-5926,1(1). Lajeunesse, M. J. (2013). Power statistics for meta-analysis: tests for mean effects and homogeneity.Handbook of Meta-analysis in Ecology and Evolution, 348-363. McNamer, M., Markas, T. (2015).U.S. Patent No. 9,185,388. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Nakagawa, K., TAKAO, Y. (2016). Optimization of Plasma Production with Impedance Analysis for a Micro RF Ion Thruster.TRANSACTIONS OF THE JAPAN SOCIETY FOR AERONAUTICAL AND SPACE SCIENCES, AEROSPACE TECHNOLOGY JAPAN,14(ists30), Pb_63-Pb_68. Nemchinova, N. V., Timofeev, A. K., Salov, V. M. (2017). Effect of Charge Composition on Metallurgical Silicon Smelting Indices in Electric-Arc Furnaces.Metallurgist,60(11-12), 1243-1249. Sara, J., Piyumi, A. (2016). The Study of Organizational Anti-citizenship Behaviors on the Performance of Organizations (Case Study: Sri-Lanka Airlines Company).Journal of Business and Technovation,4(1), 10-22. TAKEOKA, S., INOUE, Y., TAKAYANAGI, N., TAKAGI, S., OTA, M. (2014). The Analysis of Innovation Diffusion on the Basis of Social Constructivism with the Use of Text Mining (APCIM2012 Best Papers).Journal of Information and Management,34(3), 115-137. Viramdani, I. R., Himmawati, D. R. (2017). Morpho-Semantic Analysis in Electronic Product Brands.Language Horizon,5(1).

The Off-Broadway Show Jitney Is Based On A Dramatic Play, Written By A

The off-Broadway show Jitney is based on a dramatic play, written by August Wilson. The production is held at the Union Square Theater. The house has a very pleasant, cozy and warm atmosphere. The structure of the small theater and its thrust stage successfully achieves intimacy. It also creates a bond between the actors and the audience, enabling the audience to relate to the characters feelings and emotions. In other words, the house was perfectly chosen for the production. The production was created very cost efficiently; at least the set was. It accomplished that by using a constant set throughout the entire show. The design of the set was very simple and consisted of inexpensive props that were on stage from the beginning to the end. Characters brought small props on to the stage, like a cup of coffee, a magazine, even a gun. But that wasn't enough of visual stimulation. Watching the same settings for two and a half hour can make the spectator very tired and bored. I can't say that the set didn't serve the production's purpose, but it could have been better. In order to keep the spectators interested and capture their absolute attention, a variety of visual stimuli have to be introduced into the production. The constant set and lack of visual effects made the show dull and less exciting than it could have been. The show tried to introduce some kind of change to the set, by the use of lighting. Donald Holder, the lighting designer succeeded in achieving the perception of change from day to night and sunrise to sunset. But his greater accomplishment was the setting of the light in a certain way to establish the mood of the scene. As in the scene where Youngblood went to sleep on the sofa of the jitney station, the red-hot lights that illuminated the set, portrayed a feeling of resentment and anger. The costume designer, Susan Hilferty also did a remarkable job designing the costumes. They incredibly represented the time that the play took place, which was late 1970's. They also indicated the persona and distinctiveness of each the character. Youngblood dressed in jeans, tang tops, leather jacket and was always wearing a baseball cap. His wardrobe represented his boyishness and his immaturity. Shealy's flamboyant attire represented that he is a flashy character, and that he likes to show off. One similarity that all the costumes had was that they represented a low to middle class of people. My favorite aspect of the show was the performance itself. The actors' performance was extremely realistic and convincing. They brought so much emotion and passion to each scene and each conflict that the spectators felt convinced that the character is the one on stage and not the actor. The expressions on their faces, the looks in their eyes, their bodily movements made their characters come to life. The scene of the quarrel between Youngblood and Rena involved so many different emotions of love, mistrust, companionship and misunderstanding, and it was all displayed on their faces. Her voice sounded as though she is in a lot of pain and is about to burst into tears, from the gossip that she heard from Turnbo. Russell Andrews who played Youngblood also did a great job showing his pain from being misunderstood, doubted and distrusted. He showed his pain with hand gestures of anger and with love in his eyes and on his face. The performance in that scene was so powerful that the audienc e felt their pain. Especially because everyone goes through an experience of either distrusting someone or being distrusted. Personally I was able to relate to many scenes of the play, including the one in which Booster discovers his father Becker. I was there when my best friend found out her mother has died, and her reaction was almost identical to the one Keith Randolph Smith put on. The anger and the pain combined together created a very dramatic scene of violence and regret. All of the actor's performances were truly astonishing

Research Paper Introduction about Climate Change

Research Paper Introduction about Climate Change We usually pay attention to how the weather changes throughout a week, a month, or even compared to previous few years. On the other hand, there are changes that are not visible and can only be observed by scientists using sensitive equipment. Certain patterns in weather that have a tendency to recur each year are called a climate. Nowadays scientists claim that there are major changes to the climate all over the world that will have, or already have, dire consequences. Consider these facts provided by NASA: Global temperature increased by 1.4 degrees Fahrenheit since 1880. Nine of the ten warmest years on record have occurred since 2000. The amount of land ice decreases by 258 billion tons per year. Greenland ice loss doubled between 1996 and 2005. The amount of carbon dioxide parts increased to 399.60 per million. Its levels in the air are at its highest in 650,000 years. The amount of arctic ice decreases by 13.3 percent per decade. In 2012, Arctic summer ice shrank to the lowest extent on the record. The primary factor that affects all the other changes in our climate is the temperature change. What are the main reasons the temperature changes throughout the years? There is a certain amount of heat that the Earth gets from the sun, and there is also a certain amount of heat that bounces back to the space. Our temperature depends on both these factors. The point is that when the heat reaches the Earth and then is reflected back to the atmosphere, the certain amount of it is stopped by the so called greenhouse gases. They are vital for keeping the right amount of heat on the Earth so that all the living creatures can exist on our planet. However the increasing amount of it changes the average temperature which can lead to unprecedented changes in our climate. The greenhouse gases include water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. Their number has increased due to burning of fossil fuels, which has become the primary source of energy for people nowadays. It is difficult for most of us to understand why a slight increase in the average temperature on the planet can somehow influence us. Consider this example: there are a lot of glaciers that are at the verge of melting and increasing the temperature by even one degree can make this process begin. In addition, such climate changes can result in longer period of droughts in some regions, the increasing number of wildfires, and the bigger number of tropical storms. That being said, we are going to make an in-depth analysis of all the factors that cause the greenhouse effect, the consequences, including the potential ones, and the ways of solving this problem. The current and future consequences of global change (2014). Retrieved from http://climate.nasa.gov/effects/ What Is Climate and Climate Change? (2014). Retrieved from https://eo.ucar.edu/basics/cc_1.html How to Write an Introduction on a Scientific Research Topic: Remember that an introduction is no less important than any other part of your research paper. Therefore, you should be careful of what information you add to it. Your research paper introduction should be presentable, as it is the first thing your audience will read. Therefore, provide some highlights from the paper to catch the readers attention. The length of your introduction depends on the length of your research paper, but dont go overboard. The introduction shouldnt be longer than one page.

Business Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 18

Business Law - Essay Example Invitation to treat has been defined as an expression of willingness of a party to enter into negotiations with another with the hope that a contract would be reached at the end of such negotiations. (Fisher v Bell)1. An offer on the other hand has been defined as an expression of willingness by a party to enter into a contract on stated terms (offeror) and provided that such terms would be accepted by the person to whom the offer is made (offeree) a contract would come into existence(Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co.)2. An offer should be differentiated from a mere statement of price that is an enquiry as to the price. (Harvey v. Facey)3 In the current scenario it can be seen from the facts that Angela has shown her intent of selling the caravan and stated a price. Even though the term ‘offering’ has been used, it is generally not to be held conclusive and the overall facts of the situation are taken into account when deciding whether an offer or an invitation of treat was present. In the case of Angela it can be seen that she Angela has posted a letter and has stated a price of  £2000 for which she would sell the caravan, therefore it can be deduced that an unequivocal willingness on her part was present. The next issue that would be looked into is acceptance which is defined an unequivocal assent to the terms that has been proposed by the offeror. The acceptance of certain terms and conditions which had been stated by the offeror and which tend to introduce new terms would be treated as counter-offer, that is a new offer comes into existence which can either be rejected or accepted by the person who was originally the offeror (and now becomes the offeree). (Hyde v. Wrench)4. Acceptance is generally held to be valid only when it has been validly communicated and the offeror comes to know of such acceptance. (illustration of the fact was made by Denning LJ in Entores v Miles Far East Corporation). However, there are a

The Effects of Cigarettes Smoking on Low Birth Weights of Infants Term Paper

The Effects of Cigarettes Smoking on Low Birth Weights of Infants - Term Paper Example These pregnancy outcomes are known to be associated with infant mortality (Kochanek & Martin, 2005). Hypothesis In this observational study it has been hypothesized that women who are smokers, on average, will give birth to infants with birth weight less than 2500 grams than those who are non-smokers Cigarette Smoking in the United States The prevalence of smoking in the adult U.S. population in 1965 was 42.4% (51.9% of men in the U.S. and 33.9% of women) (Giovino, 2002). More men than women continue to smoke (25.1% of men and 21.2% of women), however the decline in women smoking is at a far slower rate than that observed in men. The gap in the rate of smoking between men and women has diminished from almost 20% in 1965 to less than 5% in 1997 (MMWR, 1999). In spite of numerous reports since the mid 1960s about smoking and health risks (U.S. Surgeon General, 2001), a Department of Health and Human Services report released stated that 23% of the U.S. adult population smoked cigarettes between 1999 and 2001 (DHHS, 2004). Ebrahim, Floyd, Merritt, Decoufle, and Holtzman (2000), using data from the National Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey (BRFSS) of 187,302 non-institutionalized women aged 18-44, found that the prevalence of current smoking decreased significantly among both non-pregnant women (26.7% to 23.6% and pregnant women (16.3% to 11.8%) between 1987 and 1996. A 1999 report stated that 21 % of all U.S. women and 12.3 % of pregnant women in the U.S. reported smoking during pregnancy (Mathews, 2001). The Effects of Cigarette Smoking on Reproductive Outcomes Cigarette smoking has been known for decades to be related to poor reproductive outcomes (Annette, 2008). Cigarette smoking during pregnancy is associated with first trimester spontaneous abortion, ectopic pregnancy, preterm birth, placenta previa and abruption, low birth weight, restricted intrauterine lung growth, and sudden unexplained infant death (Hofhuis, de Jongste, & Merkus, 2003). Further , cigarette smoking has been associated with fetal loss, respiratory distress syndrome and other respiratory conditions of the newborn, and sudden infant death syndrome (Schoendorf & Kiely, 1992). In addition, it is estimated that 17 to 26% of low birth weight infants, 7 to 10% of preterm deliveries, and 5-6% of prenatal deaths could be prevented if pregnant women did not smoke (Husten, Chrismon, & Reddy, 1996). In terms of birth defects, one study, using the 345 cases of infants with clubfoot and the 3,029 controls of the Atlanta Birth Defects Case Control Study database, Honein, Paulozzi, and Moore (2000) identified an approximate 20- fold increased risk for clubfoot to occur in infants born to women who had a family history of clubfoot and who also smoked cigarettes (OR=20.30, 95%CI: 7.90, 52.17). This risk for clubfoot was much higher when both factors were considered together than the risk associated with either of these risk factors alone (OR=1.34, 95%CI: 1.04, 1.72 for cigare tte smoking alone; OR=6.52, 95%CI: 2.95, 14.41 for family history alone). There have been numerous studies published about the association of cigarette smoking in pregnancy and low birth weight. For example, a population-based Swedish study (n = 538,829) showed that smoking

To prove that during the 19th and 20th century, women were considered Research Paper

To prove that during the 19th and 20th century, women were considered to be inferior beings with no rights, they faced constant oppression in a society dominated by the male - Research Paper Example Holt provides a profound analysis in her article about the content of the story in the poem, "Goblin Market." The poem was written in 1862 (in the 18th century) as a manifestation of the plight that women went through at that time. Holt notes that the author of the poem, Christina Rossetti made a an insightful presentation of two sisters, Lizzie and Laura who were forced to endure carnal lust just to embrace a higher and perceived purer realm of human sexuality, which is marriage (Holt 51). The poem is evidence of a strong thematic expression of renunciation that revolves around the lives of the two beautiful sisters. In the end, the two sisters subdue their fervent feelings for carnal lust, and they embrace their spiritual nature by getting married in a traditional Victorian marriage. However, the main theme and subtle undertone in the poem as argued by Holt and other prolific literature analysts is feminism. An incisive analysis by Holt into the poem depicts the dearth of male description and participatory segments until the end of it. Men are not mentioned as largely as the two sisters, a factor that shows subtle feminism. In the poem, men are the sellers of the goblin fruits in the local market but their actual mentioning is not extensive since the author focuses mainly on the lives of the two sisters, Lizzie, and Laura. Lizzie is depicted as a religious one due to her staunch Christianity affiliation. She is portrayed as a person who rescues her sister, Laura by playing the critical role of spiritual and earthly redemption (Russell, 143). Holt is insightful in exposing the depth of lust that the men selling goblin fruits at the market are showing. The men are subtly expressing their harbored objectivity for women. Holt notes that at the beginning of the poem, the author shows how the men objectify women. The men sing a

Transducers used in the Cardiac Ultrasound Machine.

Transducers used in the Cardiac Ultrasound Machine. Transducers used in the Cardiac Ultrasound Machine. Abstract: Ultrasound imaging depends on the ability of piezoelectric crystals to generate sound when excited with alternating current and the reverse effect of charge accumulation or current flow when such crystals are subjected to pressure from sound waves. The first known ultrasound imaging machine was designed by K. T. Dussik in Australia in 1937. However, despite its widespread acceptance today, medical ultrasound did not develop as rapidly as X-ray imaging. Despite the relatively slow start, medical ultrasound imaging is very widely accepted today because there is no ionising radiation involved and hence the procedure is relatively safe. Ultrasound equipment is also cheaper as compared to X-ray imaging, magnetic resonance imaging, MRI and other techniques associated with nuclear medicine. The procedure involves minimal patient discomfort and is very useful for examining the soft tissues or the developing foetus. A dramatic increase in the number of older patients with chronic he art and valve disease has resulted in a prolific demand for the ultrasound cardiac imaging machines which can satisfy the requirements associated with fast and cost effective measurement of cardiac anatomy or function. One of the critical elements in the medical ultrasound imaging system is the ultrasound transducer without which signal processing and visualisation of the soft tissue images is impossible. Although many naturally occurring substances such as quartz exhibit the piezoelectric effect, lead zirconate titanate (PZT) ceramic ferroelectric materials have for many years been used for biomedical applications because of their superior characteristics for soft tissue imaging.   Polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF), transducer material has demonstrated advantages as a high frequency receiver. Single or multilayer transducers made of these elements can be used for ultrasound imaging as single transducers operating in A-mode or a two or three dimensional transducer array for B-mode, C-mode or M-mode ultrasound imaging. This brief essay takes a look at transducers for medical ultrasound. The principle of operation of a cardiac ultrasound imaging device is based on the information that is provided by the varying delay times of echoes that are reflected from various depths of the human body tissue as a result of the ultrasound pulses that are generated by an ultrasound transducer being incident on the body tissue. Delay times of echoes from different depths are different and ultrasound is reflected from the interface of different types of tissues. A Doppler shift in frequency is also generated as a result of moving objects and the attenuation of ultrasound waves depends on the type of tissue that the ultrasound wave is travelling through. The ultrasound transducer which is responsible for the generation and detection of reflected ultrasound is, therefore, an essential component of the ultrasound imaging device. Ultrasound transducers work on the basis of the piezoelectric effect in which an alternating voltage applied to piezoelectric crystal material causes the crysta ls to become electrically polarised as a result of the applied electric field and hence vibrate with the alternating voltage to produce sound. Such crystals also become electrically polarised when stress is applied to them and hence any sound waves which are incident on them result in charge accumulation on the crystal surface and hence the generation of an alternating voltage. Thus, an ultrasound transducer consists of a suitable piezoelectric material sandwiched between electrodes that are used to provide a fluctuating electric field when the transducer is required to generate ultrasound. When the transducer is required to detect ultrasound, the electrodes may be used to detect any fluctuating voltages produced as a result of the polarisation of the crystals of the piezoelectric material in response to incident sound which generates fluctuating mechanical stresses on the material. Piezoelectric materials include quartz, ferroelectric crystals such as tourmaline and Rochelle salt a s well as the group of materials known as the piezoelectric ceramics, which include lead titanate (PbTiO3) and lead zirconate (PbZrO3). These materials are also known as piezoelectric ceramics which are used in ultrasound transducers for biomedical applications.Polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) is another transducer material which has demonstrated advantages as a high frequency receiver. Piezoelectric ceramics are sold with the brand name PXE by Philips Company and are solid solutions of lead titanate (PbTiO3), and lead zirconate (PbZrO3) which have been modified by additives which are a group of piezoelectric ceramics known as PZT. PXE materials are hard, chemically inert and unaffected by a humid environment. The crystals in a ferroelectric material of which PXE is made up of align themselves randomly in a number of directions. With such a random orientation of crystals, the material will exhibit no piezoelectric effect. In order to have a piezoelectric material which is capable of being used for ultrasound transducers, the material has to be subjected to a strong electric field at high temperatures. This has the effect of permanently locking the crystals in the direction of the applied electric field and making the crystal piezoelectric in the direction of the electric field. Hence, a piezoelectric ceramic material may be converted into a piezoelectric material in any given direction by applying a strong electric field to the material in the given direction at an elevated temperature. This treatment, which is known as poling, is the final stage in the manufacture of a PXE piezoelectric. Metal electrodes perpendicular to the poling axis are deposited on the material so that an alternating electric field may be applied to generate ultrasound or ultrasound vibrations may be sensed by sensing the electric field across the piezoelectric material. The voltage across a piezoelectric ceramic PXE material is usually directly proportional to the applied stress. The construction of a simple, single element piezoelectric transducer is as shown below. The Construction of a Single Element Piezoelectric Transducer Ultrasound imaging in the A-mode directs a narrow beam of ultrasound into the tissue being scanned and the echo which may be displayed on a CRT screen provides a measure of the distance between reflecting surfaces in the body. In the B-scan mode, the echo signal is brightness modulated which makes it possible for information related to tissue depth to be displayed on the screen in a visually effective manner. An ultrasound transducer array operating in B-mode permits a picture of the tissues within a patient’s body to be displayed on a CRT device. M-mode ultrasound imaging presents tissue movement by scanning an A or B – line on a monitor as a function of time and movements in this line indicate movements in the tissues within the body. In C-mode ultrasound imaging a second transducer is used to detect echoes sent out by the first transducer, presenting a 2-D map of the ultrasound attenuation within tissues. Having discussed the principles of operation of a piezoelectric medical ultrasound transducer, it is now appropriate to consider the practical problems associated with the construction of such transducers. This is done below. The Design of Ultrasound Transducers A transducer which is constructed out of piezoelectric material will have a natural frequency of resonance and it is appropriate that the transducer should be excited with alternating electric field which matches the natural resonant frequency of oscillation of the material. The ultrasound frequencies that are used in medical imaging applications range from 1 MHz to 15 MHz and echocardiography is usually performed at frequencies of 2.5 MHz. Hence, transducers which are used for ultrasound imaging have to be tuned for different frequencies. For a transducer material in which ultrasound waves travel at the speed c, with a resonant frequency f, the thickness of the material is related by the formula f=c/2d. Hence, it is possible to tune various transducers constructed of the same material to different frequencies by adjusting the thickness of the material. The ultrasound transducer can be excited by a continuous wave, a pulsed wave, or a single voltage pulse depending on the requirement s for observing a continuous image, echo ranging or other tissue measurements. The rear face of the piezoelectric crystal material is usually supported by a backing material which is tungsten loaded araldite, so that the vibrations in the piezoelectric material are rapidly damped after the initial excitation. It is important to couple the piezoelectric transducer to the body of a patient so that the incident ultrasound energy can be effectively transmitted into the body tissue that is being scanned. In order to do this, matching layers of suitable acoustic material are used along with a gel which makes it possible for the ultrasound waves to penetrate the tissue more efficiently. As far as possible, the characteristic acoustic impedance of the tissue being scanned is matched with the acoustic impedance of the transducer. The characteristic acoustic impedance of the tissue is defined as: In the formula, c is the speed of ultrasound in human tissue which is about 1540 m/sec with a variation of +/- 6% and   is the tissue density. K is the bulk elastic modulus of the tissue being scanned. The acoustic parameters of an ultrasound transducer include its nominal frequency, the peak frequency which is the highest frequency response measured from the frequency spectrum, the bandwidth of the transducer which is the difference between the highest and the lowest – 6 dB level in the frequency spectrum, the pulse width response time of the transducer, which is the time duration of the time domain envelope which is 20 dB above the rising and decaying cycles of a transducer response, the loop sensitivity for a medium on which a test is performed which is characterised by: Here, Vo is the excitation pulse voltage in volts, while Vx is the received signal voltage from the transducer.   The signal to noise ratio for a biomedical ultrasound transducer is also an important parameter for an ultrasound transducer and this is defined as: In the above expression, Vx is the received signal voltage from the transducer in volts in response to a specified tone burst or pulse and Vn is the noise floor in volts. The signal to noise ratio for an ultrasound transducer is a measure of the noise associated with the transducer, measuring instrument or cables and this is a good measure of how sensitive a transducer is. In addition to the previously mentioned parameters, geometrical parameters for a transducer describe how the acoustic pressure generated by a transducer varies across the axial and cross-sectional fields of a transducer. These variations are illustrated below: Axial Beam Profile for an Ultrasound Transducer Cross – Sectional Beam Profile for an Ultrasound Transducer he detailed construction of an ultrasound transducer for medical applications involving the shaping of the piezoelectric material, matching layers, housing and backing materials etc is presently conducted using computational techniques such as Finite Element Modelling of ultrasound transducers through the use of software packages such as Ultrasim and other commercially available software. In the overall design, efforts have to be made to ensure that the overall design will be optimised so as to deliver a sufficiently high power of ultrasound into the tissue being imaged and as far as possible there is best possible sound impedance matching between the transducer and the scanned tissue. Design of the backing material in an ultrasound transducer is important because this design determines the ring down time of the transducer, which is critical for low noise and optimal axial resolution of the transducer. Trends in Transducer Design for Echocardiography Only the simplest equipment for echocardiography will use a single ultrasound transducer and there is a trend towards design of echocardiography equipment which uses two or even three dimensional arrays of ultrasound transducers to provide superior quality 2 –D or 3-D computer generated pictures of the organ being imaged.   Even the relatively simpler equipment being used these days has two or more ultrasound transducers fitted into the transducer probe. The array of transducers are capable of generating a shaped beam of ultrasound which can be appropriately focused using electronic digital signal processing techniques to provide better images and resolution. Although the relatively simple medical ultrasound scanners cost about  £1000 per piece, reasonably decent transducer assemblies for a decent Philips or Toshiba ultrasound machines can cost  £1500 for the transducer alone. Transducer arrays for two or three dimensional ultrasound imaging equipment can be much more ex pensive because of the large number of transducers that are employed in such imaging equipment.   For better quality ultrasonic imaging to be possible, there is a requirement for enhanced bandwidth transducers, higher frequency transducer arrays and sophisticated digital signal processing circuits. There is also a trend towards transducer miniaturisation which will make intracavitary, intraurethral, or intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) investigation possible. The current imaging frequency range of 1 MHz to 15 MHz is expected to be increased to 20 MHz to 100 MHz and at these frequencies, microsonography devices using miniature ultrasound transducers with higher sensitivities are expected to provide much better and higher resolution images using catheter based transducers which are less then 2mm in diameter and are capable of being placed in veins.   New ultrasound transducer materials are likely to provide transducers which are far more sensitive then those available presently and consume lower power. These transducers can be operated from battery powered portable equipment and th ere are indications in literature that with the availability of such devices, it is likely that the stethoscope will be replaced by miniature ultrasound equipment. New trends in ultrasound transducer construction are also moving towards composite transducer construction in which a composite of two piezoelectric materials is used to design the transducer. Ultrasound transducers are fairly rugged and the piezoelectric material does not loose its properties unless exposed to high temperatures approaching the Curie temperature for the material are reached or there are strong alternating or direct electrical fields opposing the direction of poling for the material. Mechanical stresses imposed on the piezoelectric materials should not exceed the specified limits and although the specified limits vary for different types of materials, mechanical stress in excess of 2.5 MPa may be considered as likely to cause permanent damage. Ultrasound transducers are capable of being designed to operate in liquid mediums and the piezoelectric material does not react with water or gel.   Conclusion Materials with piezoelectric properties such as lead titanate (PbTiO3) and lead zirconate (PbZrO3) lend themselves to being treated by poling to generate as well as detect ultrasound waves when subjected to alternating electric fields or mechanical stresses. Ultrasound transducers can be made out of these materials and these transducers can be designed for specified resonance frequencies for use in medical imaging. The detailed design of such transducers is an exciting and involving undertaking which is capable of being assisted by finite element simulations. Advances in transducer design involving the use of new materials, miniaturisation and the use of arrays of transducers promises to revolutionise medical imaging in the future by providing high resolution 3-D ultrasound images and the field is full of promise for device designers as well as computer engineers of the future. References/ Bibliography Web Sources   Abboud, Najib N et al. â€Å"Finite Element Modelling for Ultrasonic Transducers†. Weidlinger Associates Inc. SPIE Int. Symp. Medical Imaging 1998, San Diego, Feb 21-27, 1998. August 4, 2005. http://www.wai.com/AppliedScience/Software/Pzflex/Papers/pzflex-spie_mi98.pdf Binder, T. â€Å"Three-Dimensional Echocardiography Principles and Promises†. Journal of Clinical and Basic Cardiology 2002; 5 (Issue 2), 149-152. August 4, 2005. http://www.kup.at/kup/pdf/1137.pdf Brandt, Einar. â€Å"Segmentation Techniques for Echocardiographic Image Sequences†. University of Linkopings. 1998. August 4, 2005. http://www.imv.liu.se/klinfys/einar/publications/pdf_open/Ex1934.pdf Bridal, Lori S et al. â€Å"Milestones on the Road to Higher Resolution, Quantitative, and Functional Ultrasonic Imaging†. PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE, VOL. 91, NO. 10, OCTOBER 2003. August 6, 2005. http://dei-s1.dei.uminho.pt/outraslic/lebiom/ultra/ultrasonic01232192.pdf Diederichs, Rolf. â€Å"Ultrasound Transducer Library†. Diederichs, Rolf. March, 1998. August 4, 2005. http://www.ndt.net/wshop/wshop_tr/trans_li.htm Eberhard, Brunner. â€Å"Ultrasound System Considerations and their Impact on Front-End Components,† Analog Devices, Inc., 2002. August 4, 2005. http://www.analog.com/library/analogDialogue/archives/36-03/ultrasound/UltrasoundFrontend.pdf Erikson, Kenneth R et al. â€Å"Ultrasound in Medicine – A Review†. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SONICS AND ULTRASONICS, VOL. SU-21, NO. 3, JULY 1971. August 4, 2005. http://www.ieee-uffc.org/ultrasonics/teaching/t7430144.pdf Fink, Mathias. â€Å"Time Reversed Acoustics†. Scientific American Inc, 1999. August 4, 2005. http://www4.ncsu.edu/~fouque/fink.pdf G. Fleury, R. Berriet, O. Le Baron, B. Huguenin. â€Å"New piezocomposite transducers for therapeutic ultrasound†. 2nd International Symposium on Therapeutic Ultrasound Seattle 31/07 02/08/02. August 4, 2005. http://www.imasonic.com/Papers/ISTU2Ima.pdf Genadiy V. Leonov,, Vladimir N. Khmelev, Roman V. Barsukov, Sergey N. Tsyganok, Alexey N. Slivin, Andrey V. Shalunov. â€Å"Advancement of Ultrasonic Technologies Efficiency, Development of Ultrasonic Devices for the Manufactures, Medical Institutions and the Agriculture Requirements†. Biysk Technological Institute. 2004. August 4, 2005. http://www.bti.secna.ru/institute_/laboratory/us/downloads/vestnic_e.pdf Goel, Malti. â€Å"Electret sensors, filters and MEMS devices: New challenges in materials research†. Current Science. Volume 85. No. 4. August 25, 2004. August 4, 2005. http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/aug252003/443.pdf Hazas, Mike and Andy Ward. â€Å"A Novel Broadband Ultrasonic Location System†. University of Cambridge, United Kingdom. 2002. August 4, 2005. http://www.comp.lancs.ac.uk/~hazas/Hazas02_ANovelBULS.pdf Holm, Sverre. â€Å"Ultrasim – A Toolbox for Ultrasound Field Simulation†. University of Oslo. 2000. August 6, 2005. http://heim.ifi.uio.no/~sverre/papers/01_Matlab.pdf Krochak, Paul and Stefan Story. â€Å"Acoustic Densification of Multiphase Stream†. University of British Columbia. June 19, 2005. August 4, 2005. http://www.math.ubc.ca/~FluidLab/people/sstorey/Densificatio_Final_Report.pdf Ladabaum, Igal et al. â€Å"Surface Micro machined Capacitive Ultrasonic Transducer†. ieee transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control, vol. 45, no. 3, may 1998. August 4, 2005. http://piezo.stanford.edu/library/papers/IL1998.pdf Lewin, Peter A. â€Å"Diagnostic Ultrasound: A Glimpse into the Next Decade†. Drexel University. 2004. August 4, 2005. http://www.wma.net/e/publications/pdf/2000/lewin.pdf M. Greenstein, P. Lum, H. Yoshida, M.S. Seyed-Bolorforosh. â€Å"A 2.5 MHz 2D Array with Z-Axis Electrically Conductive Backing†. 2004. August 4, 2005. http://www.hpl.hp.com/techreports/96/HPL-96-89.pdf Measurement Specialties Inc. â€Å"Piezo Film Sensors – Technical Manual†. Measurement Specialties Inc. April 2, 1999. August 4, 2005. http://www.media.mit.edu/resenv/classes/MAS836/Readings/MSI-techman.pdf Michael Greenstein. â€Å"Multilayer Piezoelectric Transducers for Medical Ultrasound Transducers†. Hewlett Packard Laboratories. 2000. August 4, 2005. http://www.hpl.hp.com/techreports/95/HPL-95-79.ps Morgan Electro Ceramics. â€Å"Introduction: Piezoelectric Ceramics†. Morgan Electro Ceramics. May 16, 2001. August 4, 2005. http://www.morganelectroceramics.nl/pdfs/tech.pdf North Dakota State University. â€Å"Imaging Systems†. North Dakota State University. 2004. August 4, 2005. http://venus.ece.ndsu.nodak.edu/~schroeder/Imaging%20Systems.doc Nottingham University. â€Å"Medical Ultrasound†. Nottingham University. 2004. August 4, 2005. http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/physics/ugrad/courses/mod_home/f31ab1/notes/us.doc Petersen R.B. and J. Hutchins. â€Å"The iE33 intelligent echocardiography system†. Philips Ultrasound Medical Systems. 2004. August 4, 2005. http://www.medical.philips.com/main/news/assets/docs/medicamundi/mm_vol48_no3/11_Peterson.pdf Picture IQ.com. â€Å"Ultrasound Equipment†. Picture IQ.com. 2005. August 6, 2005. http://www.pictureiq.com/piq/ph30-63999-Ultrasound.mspx Powis, Raymond. L and G. Wayne Moore. â€Å"The Silent Revolution: Catching up with the Contemporary Composite Transducer†. JDMS 20:395–405 November/December 2004. August 4, 2005. http://www.medphysics.wisc.edu/mp666/powis_moore_contemp_trans.pdf Rainer Stotzka, Helmut Widmann, Tim Muller, Klaus Schlote Holubek, Hartmut Gemmeke, Nicole Ruiter, Georg Gobel. â€Å"Prototype of a new 3D ultrasound computer tomography system: transducer design and data recording†. Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe. 2004. August 4, 2005. http://www.stotzka.de/Publications/stotzka2004.1.pdf RATSIMANDRESY, Leong, P.Mauchamp, D. Dinet, N. Felix, R. Dufait. â€Å"A 3 MHz, Two Dimensional Array Based on Piezocomposite for Medical Imaging†. IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium Proceedings. 2002. August 4, 2005. http://www.vermon.com/Biblio_Vermon/IEEE_3MHz%202D%20Array.pdf Ritter, Timothy et al. â€Å"Single Crystal PZN/PT-Polymer Composites for Ultrasound Transducer Applications†. IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control, vol. 47, no. 4, July 2000. August 4, 2005. http://www.ieee-uffc.org/archive/public/opapers/jul792.pdf Ronald E McKeighen. â€Å"Design Guidelines for Medical Ultrasonic Arrays†. Acoustic Imaging Transducers Inc. 2000. August 4, 2005. http://www.wai.com/AppliedScience/Software/Pzflex/Papers-other/spie-man.pdf Saleh K. Y. and N.B. Smith. â€Å"Two-dimensional ultrasound phased array design for tissue ablation for treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia†. Pennsylvania State University. May, 2003. August 4, 2005. http://www.bioe.psu.edu/ultrasound/Research/Saleh%20Smith%20IJH04.pdf Schmidt, M. â€Å"Ultrasonic Signal Processing Chip For Intraluminal Catheter Based Systems†. Fraunhofer Institute of Microelectronic Circuits and Systems. 2004. August 4, 2005. http://www.imec.be/esscirc/papers-96/143.pdf Shindler, Daniel M. â€Å"Hand-held Ultrasound and the Stethoscope†. Robert Wood Johnson Medical School. 2004. August 4, 2005. http://www.bbriefings.com/pdf/950/shindler.pdf Ultran. â€Å"Medical Ultrasonic Transducers†. Ultran. 2004. August 4, 2005. http://www.ultrangroup.com/pdfs/ultran_trans_cat.pdf University of Central London. â€Å"An Overview of Existing Medical Imaging Techniques†. University of Central London. 2004. August 4, 2005. http://www.medphys.ucl.ac.uk/research/borl/homepages/florian/thesis/pdf_files/p35_44.pdf University of Lancaster. â€Å"Medical Ultrasound Imaging†. University of Lancaster. 2004. August 4, 2005. http://www.lancs.ac.uk/depts/physics/teaching/py336/Ultrasound.doc Wang, Haifeng, Tim Ritter, Wenwu Cao, and K. Kirk Shung. â€Å"Passive Materials for High Frequency Ultrasound Transducers†. The Society of Photo optical Instrumentation Engineers, SPIE. 1999. August 6, 2005. http://www.bioe.psu.edu/labs/NIH/pass_mat.pdf Weigang, Beate, G. Wayne Moore, M.A., James Gessert, William H. Phillips, Mark Schafer. â€Å"The Methods and Effects of Transducer Degradation on Image Quality and the Clinical Efficacy of Diagnostic Sonography†. Sonic Technology Laboratories. 2004. August 4, 2005. http://www.4sonora.com/products/Transducer%20Degradation%20on%20Image.pdf Wells, P.N.T. â€Å"Ultrasonic Imaging of the Human Body†. Bristol General Hospital. 1999. August 4, 2005. http://www.hrcc.on.ca/Research/bios/people/pattersonfiles/Wells%20paper.pdf Whitehouse, Kamin. Fred Jiang, Chris Karlof, Alec Woo, David Culler. â€Å"Sensor Field Localisation: A Deployment and Emperical Analysis†. University of California, Berkley. April 9, 2004. August 4, 2005. http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~kamin/pubs/whitehouse04ultrasoundUCBtechReport.pdf References Related to Ultrasound Transducers from British Libraries . Medical Imaging 1999: Ultrasonic Transducer Engineering: 24-25 February 1999, San Diego, California. Bellingham, Washington: SPIE, 1999. . Medical Ultrasound: Mirror Transducer Systems for High Resolution Imaging. 1984. American Association of Physicists in Medicine. Medical Physics of CT and Ultrasound: Tissue Imaging and Characterization: Summer School: Papers and Discussions. American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine. Ultrasound Practice Committee Report for Cleaning and Preparing Endocavitary Ultrasound Transducers Between Patients. Laurel, Md.: American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, 1995. American Society of Ultrasound Technical Specialists and Society of Diagnostic Medical Sonographers. Medical Ultrasound. New York: Wiley. Barnett, S. B., G. Kossoff, and World Federation for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology. Safety and Standardisation in Medical Ultrasound: Issues and Recommendations Regarding Thermal Mechanisms for Biological Effects of Ultrasound: Symposium: Papers. Pergamon Press, 1992. British Medical Ultrasound Society. BMUS Bulletin. London: British Medical Ultrasound Society, 2003. Davies, Christopher Mark. The Construction and Design Characteristics of Bimorph Shear Wave Transducers. 1993. Fleming, David G., et al. Indwelling and Implantable Pressure Transducers: Based on Workshop Held in Cleveland, Ohio on December 4 and 5, 1975, Sponsored by the Biotechnology Resources Branch (RR-00857) and the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (GM-14267) of the National Institutes of Health. Cleveland: CRC Press, 1976. Great Britain. Medical Devices Agency. A Comparative Technical Evaluation of Eleven Ultrasound Scanners for Examination of the Breast. Medical Devices Agency, 2001. Kuhn, A., P. A. Payne, and Dias. Design and Construction of Ultrasound Equipment for Characterization of Elastic Mechanic Properties of Dental Restorative Materials. Manchester: UMIST, 1991. Luukkala, Mauri. Second Harmonic Generation of Ultrasound in Quartz Transducers. Turku, 1967. Mok, W. H., M. S. Beck, and Dias. Flow Imaging Using Pulsed Ultrasound Transducers. Manchester: UMIST, 1986. Nakano, Hitoo, et al. XX International Congress The Fetus As a Patient and 6th Ian Donald Inter-University of Medical Ultrasound. 2004. Nicoll, J. J. and University of Edinburgh. Medical Ultrasound: Mirror Transducer Systems for High Resolution Imaging. University of Edinburgh, 1984. Preston, R. C., et al. The Performance of the NPL Ultrasound Beam Calibrator: Part 1 Physiotherapy Transducers. Teddington: National Physical Laboratory, 1986. Ruttenberg, Robert and Simon Peck. Transducer Development for Medical Dynamic Measurements. 2000. Shung, K. Kirk and Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers. Medical Imaging 1998: Ultrasonic Transducer Engineering: 25-26 February 1998, San Diego, California. Bellingham, Washington: SPIE, 1998. Society of Diagnostic Medical Sonographers. JDMS: Journal of Diagnostic Medical Sonography. Philadelphia: Lippincott for the Society of Diagnostic Medical Sonographers. Society of Ultrasound in Medicine of the Republic of China. Journal of Medical Ultrasound. Taipei. Turnbull, Daniel H. and University of Toronto Department of Medical Biophysics. Two-Dimensional Transducer Arrays fo

Masculinity, Femininity and Simone Benmussa’s Singular Life of Albert N

Masculinity, Femininity and Simone Benmussa’s Singular Life of Albert Nobbs The semiotics of traditional theatrical form reinforce an oppressive patriarchal system. The physical body becomes the catalyst by which gender is assigned and expected. This emphasis on the body is amplified in the theater. Simone Benmussa’s play The Singular Life of Albert Nobbs, adapted from the short story by George Moore, deals with issues of femininity and masculinity and how these are portrayed within the theater as well as how theater is formed by the traditional patriarchal gaze. This play also deals with issues of class and how class status is intrinsically tied to gender, gender performance and sexuality. Through the example of this play it is seen that a form of theater which creates and maintains the woman as subject rather than object (as Sue-Ellen Case proposes) cannot be truly realized until the performative nature and many issues inherent in masculinity are acknowledged and processed. Here also is an excellent case study of how the politics of the theater are deeply rooted in body politics and gender essentialism. All of these factors contribute to the play’s overall complexity in matters surrounding and pertaining to the performative nature of masculinity and the manner in which masculinities are brought forth on stage and how that differs from femininity on stage. One of the central themes of theatrical form is identity and the catalyst by which identity is formed is the body. In using the body as the site of formation of individual identity, women are â€Å"uniquely identified with their anatomy† and specifically the parts of their anatomy that differ from that of men (Callaghan 30). Because women are thus defined by their relation ... ... femininity and female masculinity are brought under scrutiny. Works Cited: Butler, Judith. Gender Trouble. New York, Routledge. 1990 Callaghan, Dympna. Shakespeare Without Women: Representing Gender and Race on the Renaissance Stage. New York, Routledge. 2000 Case, Sue-Ellen. Towards a New Poetics. from Feminism and Theater. New York, Methuen. 1988 Gardiner, Judith Kegan. Introduction. from Masculinity Studies & Feminist Theory. (also ed.) New York, Columbia University Press. 2002 Halberstam, Judith. The Good, The Bad, and the Ugly. from Masculinity Studies & Feminist Theory. ed Judith Kegan Gardiner. New York, Columbia University Press. 2002 Hopkins, Patrick D. Gender Treachery: Homophobia, Masculinity, and Threatened Identities. Kano, Ayako. Acting Like A Woman in Modern Japan: Theater, Gender, and Nationalism. New York, Palgrave. 2001

King Lear – Jealousy Between Goneril and Regan

In terms of power, Lear becomes the complete opposite of what he is in Act One by the end of Act Two. The fool says, â€Å"Now thou art an O without/ a figure. I am better than thou art now: I am a Fool, thou/ art nothing† (I. iv. 197-199). As the play progresses, the Fool points out that King Lear has become nothing. Misjudgment, betrayal and becoming â€Å"nothing† (I. iv. 199) leads King Lear into near madness by the end of Act Two. King Lear is very oblivious in the beginning of the play. His demanding personality reveals to the audience that he is blind to the truth. By asking his daughters, â€Å"Which of you shall we say doth love us most† (I. i. 53), it shows a vulnerable side of him because he craves being worshiped. Lear is more interested in listening to a speech on how wonderful he is, rather than leaving his empire in the hands of someone responsible. His thirst for compliments is so drastic that he even disowns his daughter for not worshiping him, also showing his lack of awareness because she truly loved him. We see Lear as a powerful character that puts himself in front of others in Act One. King Lear is so used to being treated like royalty that going from the most powerful person in England to virtually nothing in such a small amount of time nearly makes him fall into madness by the end of Act Two. Goneril and Regan are the main cause of this. At first, Lear was oblivious to their daughters plot to rule him out. Lear starts to catch on to this, and for the first time in the play, he is aware. After being abandoned by his daughters, Lear says â€Å"O fool, I shall go mad† (2. 4. 281), showing that he realizes the mistake he’s made. At this point in the play, the status of King Lear and his daughters have completely shifted. King Lears’ intentions were never evil, but his greedy actions were the cause of his fall. By the end of act 2, Lear gains more insight on what is really going on around him. Other characteristics from Act One still remain, such as his hunger for authority: The king would speak with Cornwall. The dear father Would with his daughter speak, commands, tends service. Are they â€Å"informed† of this? My breath and blood! â€Å"Fiery†? The â€Å"fiery† duke? Tell the hot duke that Lear— (II. iv. 91-96) Later on in the play, Lear says to Regan, â€Å"I have a full case of weeping but this heart/Shall break a hundred thousand flaws,/or ere ill weep- O fool, I shall go mad? †(2. 4. 281-283), at this point of the play, the audience feels pity for Lear. The Lear we see in Act Two is deprived of his powers through lies and evil tricks from Regan and Goneril. Th is has caused the King to become nothing, in contrast to the greedy and cruel King we see in Act One.

Characteristics of Perchlorate

Characteristics of Perchlorate Sources of perchlorate Perchlorate is a chemical that occurs naturally, although it may as well be man-made. In addition, perchlorate can also be found in some fertilizers and in bleach. It has found wide application in the manufacture of fireworks, flares, rocket fuel, and explosives1. Many of the sites where perchlorate can be found occurring naturally are, by and large, limited to the arid areas. Such deposits are largely low concentration.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Characteristics of Perchlorate specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On the other hand, man-made sources of perchlorate are mainly highly concentrated in comparison with the natural sources. Sites with high levels of perchlorate contamination are mainly involved in the production, testing, and disposal of perchlorate compounds and solid rocket propellants. Others include industrial production sites that use perchlorate compounds as reagents2. EPA response for regulating and remediation The Safe Drinking Water Act gives the EPA the mandate to regulate perchlorate. Peer review reports by various public health experts and independent scientists as well have played a key role in influencing the decision y the EPA to impose a regulation on perchlorate. The new decision by the EPA would be a reversal of the 2008 preliminary determination3. It takes into account the over 39,000 comments from members of the public regarding multiple public notices on perchlorate3. This action is an attempt to create awareness among interested parties on the decision reached by the EPA on regulating perchlorate. Nonetheless, the action does not in any way try to impose any public water systems (PWS) requirements4. On the other hand, this action has laid the framework for the designing and the development of a primary drinking water regulation at the national level (NPDWR). Following the finalization of the NPDWR, a number of PWSs could be forced to make an effort to abide by the requirements in line with the program required by the regulation5. In addition, the EPA also intends to create a drinking water standard that will take care of about 16 toxic chemicals that have been noted to pose a danger top human health. The aim of the EPA is to continue assessing the health effects of perchlorate, along with the science behind their occurrence in public water systems. Moreover, the EPA intends to embark on a project aimed at examining the affordability and feasibility of treatment technologies aimed at removing perchlorate. The agency shall also assess the benefits and costs of potential standards. Risk potential Sufficient doses of perchlorate can interfere with the normal operations of the thyroid gland. Perchlorate disrupts the transportation of iodide into the thyroid gland, in effect reducing iodide availability that is necessary for the manufacture of thyroid hormones. These hormones are vital for normal growth, metabolis m and development.Advertising Looking for research paper on chemistry? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Pregnant women are especially at a greater risk of thyroid hormone synthesis disruption2. Others include the developing fetuses, newly-born infants, young children, and also person with low thyroid hormones levels (Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection). On the basis of such a potential concern, the EPA has deemed it necessary to propose a formal rule. The process shall entail the reception of feedback from important stakeholders in addition to the provision of any formal rule to members of the public via a comment process 3. It is important to note that exposure to sufficient doses of perchlorate may result in adverse health effects similar to those brought about by iodine deficiency among humans. When there is not enough intake of iodine in the diet, the individual in question suffers from a decline in the synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormone. Based on the severity of such an iodine deficiency, the individual in question can manifest such effects as impairment in behavior, speech, vision, movement, physical development, hearing, and intelligence4. Scientists also contend that sufficient doses of perchlorate can interfere with the ability of the thyroid gland to synthesize hormones vital for the development of both fetuses and infants1. Monitoring data reveals that over 4 percent of public water systems contain detectable levels of perchlorate. In addition, the same data indicates that between 5 and 17 million individuals are at risk of drinking water containing sufficient levels of perchlorate. Standards set by states such as California and Massachusetts In Massachusetts, the MassDEP is in the process of commissioning a drinking water standard. The new standard will ensure that the maximum contaminant level of perchlorate in drinking water does not exceed 2 ppb3. It is i mportant to appreciate that the new promulgation shall be the first veer drinking water standards in the country for perchlorate. Furthermore, the Massachusetts Contingency Plan is also in the process of establishing perchlorate groundwater and soil standards to facilitate the cleaning up exercise of hazardous waste sites. Also, MassDEP plans to adopt a reference dose to facilitate risk assessment at specific sites. The state of California also regulates perchlorate as a contaminant in drinking water1. In this case, 6 micrograms per liter is the recommended maximum contaminant level of perchlorate in the state of California.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Characteristics of Perchlorate specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More References 1. California Department of Toxic Substances Control, â€Å"Perchlorate â€Å", Last modified September 1, 2007, dtsc.ca.gov/hazardouswaste/perchlorate/ 2. Isa, Jalil, â€Å"EPA To Develop Regulation for Perchlorate and Toxic Chemicals in Drinking Water.† Environmental Protection Agency, Last modified February 02, 2011, http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/d0cf6618525a9efb85257359003fb69d/634884579f4cc5d8525782b004d81ae!Open 3. Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection. â€Å" Frequently Asked Questions: Perchlorate†. n.d, mass.gov/dep/toxics/pchlorqa.htm 4. Trumpolt, Clayton et al. â€Å"Perchlorate: Sources, Uses, and Occurrences in the Environment.†Wiley Periodicals, Last modified December 20, 2005, http://yosemite.epa.gov/r10/CLEANUP.NSF/PH/Arkema+Technical+Documents/$FILE/Perchlorate-Sources-Occurance-In-The-Environment.pdf 5. United States Environmental Protection Agency. â€Å"Perchlorate†. Last modified March 06, 2012, http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/unregulated/perchlorate.cfm Bibliography California Department of Toxic Substances Control. â€Å"Perchlorate. â€Å" California  Department of Tox ic Substances Control. Last modified September 1, 2007. dtsc.ca.gov/hazardouswaste/perchlorate/ Isa, Jalil. â€Å"EPA To Develop Regulation for Perchlorate and Toxic Chemicals in Drinking Water.† Environmental Protection Agency. Last modified February 02, 2011. http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/d0cf6618525a9efb85257359003fb69d/634884579f4cc5d8525782b004d81ae!OpenAdvertising Looking for research paper on chemistry? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection. â€Å"Frequently Asked Questions: Perchlorate†. Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection. Last modified June12, 2006. mass.gov/dep/toxics/pchlorqa.htm Trumpolt, Clayton et al. â€Å"Perchlorate: Sources, Uses, and Occurrences in the Environment.†Wiley Periodicals. Last modified December 20, 2005. http://yosemite.epa.gov/r10/CLEANUP.NSF/PH/Arkema+Technical+Documents/$FILE/Perchlorate-Sources-Occurance-In-The-Environment.pdf United States Environmental Protection Agency. â€Å"Perchlorate.† United States  Environmental Protection Agency. Last modified March06, 2012. http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/unregulated/perchlorate.cfm